Lesson
7: Organic Chemistry
Under this topic we will look at the homologous series
one after the other, I mean the alkane, alkene, alkyne and so on. One after the
other, there method of production, physical and chemical properties, test and
uses.
INTRODUCTION
What is organic chemistry?
This is the branch of chemistry that deals with the
compound of hydrocarbons.
Types of organic compounds
There are two major types of hydrocarbon which are
1. Aliphatic
hydrocarbon: these are the hydrocarbon that are made up of straight, branched
or cyclic carbon atoms.
2. Aromatic
hydrocarbon : these are the hydrocarbon that contains ring structure of carbon
with Non- localized orbital. i.e. non-localized pi bond e.g. benzene, phenol,
toluene and turpentine.
Aliphatic hydrocarbon carbon grouped into:
a. Acyclic
hydrocarbon: these are hydrocarbon with straight chain e.g. ALKANE and ALKENE
b. Cyclic
hydrocarbons: these are hydrocarbons in cyclic form. e.g. Cyclo-pentane,
Cyclo-hexane. They only form ring structures with single bond.
Acyclic
can be group as saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
a. Saturated
hydrocarbons: these are hydrocarbons with single covalent bond e.g. the ALKANE
family.
b. Unsaturated
hydrocarbons: these are hydrocarbons with double or triple covalent bond. E.g.
ALKENES and ALKYNES.
CHEMISTRY OF ALKANE
Alkanes are saturated, acyclic,
aliphatic hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2. Where is an integer
starting from 1.the functional group of alkane is (C-C).
THE FIRST TEN MEMBER OF THE FAMILY ARE:
Number of carbon
|
Name
|
Molecular Formula
|
1
|
Methane
|
CH4
|
2
|
Ethane
|
C2H6
|
3
|
Propane
|
C3H8
|
4
|
Butane
|
C4H10
|
5
|
Pentane
|
C5H12
|
6
|
Hexane
|
C6H14
|
7
|
Heptane
|
C7H16
|
8
|
Octane
|
C8H18
|
9
|
Nonane
|
C9H20
|
10
|
Decane
|
C10H22
|
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
Name
|
Molecular Formula
|
Condensed structure
|
Methane
|
CH4
|
CH4
|
Ethane
|
C2H6
|
CH3-CH3
|
Propane
|
C3H8
|
CH3-CH2-CH3
|
Butane
|
C4H10
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
Pentane
|
C5H12
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
Hexane
|
C6H14
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
Heptane
|
C7H16
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
Octane
|
C8H18
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
Nonane
|
C9H20
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
Decane
|
C10H22
|
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
General Laboratory preparation alkane
Alkane
are generally prepared in the laboratory by heating the mixture of Alkanoate (salt made from Alkanoic acid and
sodium metal like sodiumthanoate, sodiumpropanoate, sodiumbutanoate. E.t.c.) salt
with soda lime (CaHNaO2).
GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE
1. Methane
and ethane are gas at room temperature, propane and butane are liquid at room
temperature while others are solid
2. They
have no action on litmus paper
3. They
are slightly soluble in water. Solubility decreases as the the number of carbon
atom increases.
GENERAL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Combustion
reaction: all alkane burns in air with a blue non-luminous flame to give
carbon(iv)oxide and water. E.g. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
2. Substitution
reaction: substitution reaction is a kind of chemical reaction whereby an atom
or a group of atom is replace by another atom of group of atom. Alkanes can
undergo substitution reaction with the halogens. And the reaction is also
called halogenation. For example methane undergoes substitution reaction with
chlorine to give choloro-methane in the presence of sunlight.
Chemical test for alkane
1. All
members of alkane has no effect on bromine water
2. All
members of alkane has no effect on acidified and alkalined potassium heptaoxodichromate(vi).
(K2Cr2O7) and potassium tetraoxomanganates (vii).(KMnO4).
USES OF ALKANES
1. They
can be used as fuel
2. Methane
is used in the production of water gas
3. They
can be used in the production of hydrogen, alkynes, chloroform and so on.
4. Tetrachloromethane
is used as organic solvent in industries for manufacturing process.